Lub synthesis ntawm cov kuab tshuaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj raw khoom thiab cov khoom hnyav nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb physicochemical. Txoj hauv kev tsis yog tsuas yog txiav txim siab purity, yield, thiab tus nqi ntawm cov khoom, tab sis kuj ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau cov kuab tshuaj haum thiab kev nyab xeeb hauv cov ntawv thov tom ntej. Solvent synthesis feem ntau siv cov khoom siv roj av, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, lossis cov khoom siv txuas ntxiv dua tshiab ua cov ntaub ntawv pib, ua haujlwm ntau yam xws li kev sib cais, hloov pauv, thiab kho kom zoo los tsim lub hom phiaj molecular qauv thiab tswj nws cov khoom.
Lub synthesis ntawm hydrocarbon cov kuab tshuaj feem ntau yog nyob ntawm cov roj refining thiab cracking txheej txheem. Ncaj- saw alkanes thiab ceg ntoo - saw alkanes tuaj yeem tau los ntawm naphtha lossis lub teeb diesel roj los ntawm kev distillation thiab hydrogenation kom tshem tawm cov khoom tsis txaus ntseeg; Cov tshuaj tsw qab hydrocarbon cov kuab tshuaj xws li benzene, toluene, thiab xylene feem ntau yog los ntawm aromatization thiab kev sib cais ntawm cov roj av tau los ntawm kev hloov pauv catalytic lossis chav tawg, ua raws li cov txheej txheem ua kom zoo xws li desulfurization thiab denitrogenation kom ua tiav qhov xav tau purity. Cov txheej txheem no yog cov paub tab, muaj kev lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm cov nplai, thiab tsim nyog rau kev tsim khoom ntawm cov kuab tshuaj ntau.
Cov kev sib txuas ntawm cov kuab tshuaj cawv feem ntau suav nrog kev tsim methanol los ntawm syngas thiab tsim cov cawv qis los ntawm olefin hydration. Methanol yog synthesized los ntawm carbon monoxide thiab hydrogen nyob rau hauv tooj liab-raws li zinc-chromium catalysts. Tom qab derivatization, hydrogenation, los yog transesterification tuaj yeem tawm tau ethanol, isopropanol, thiab lwm yam. Lub teeb olefins xws li ethylene thiab propylene yog hydrated nyob rau hauv acid catalysis kom tau cov kuab tshuaj cawv sib xws. Cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum muaj kev tswj xyuas qhov kub thiab txias, siab, thiab catalyst kev ua kom ntseeg tau tias kev hloov dua siab tshiab thiab kev xaiv.
Ketone thiab ester cov kuab tshuaj feem ntau yog npaj los ntawm oxidation lossis esterification ntawm cawv lossis acids. Acetone tuaj yeem tau los ntawm oxidative decomposition ntawm cumene los yog dehydrogenation ntawm isopropanol; ethyl acetate yog npaj los ntawm esterification ntawm ethanol thiab acetic acid nyob rau hauv acid catalysis tom qab distillation. Cov syntheses yuav tsum tau xav txog ntawm ob qho tib si feedstock conversion rate thiab byproduct suppression, feem ntau siv azeotropic dehydration los yog nruam sib cais cov tswv yim los txhim kho economic efficiency.
Halogenated hydrocarbon solvents feem ntau yog npaj los ntawm kev qhia halogen atoms los ntawm halogenation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hydrocarbon puag. Piv txwv li, chlorine los yog bromine reacts nrog alkanes thiab aromatics nyob rau hauv lub teeb los yog catalysts los tsim chloroalkanes thiab bromoaromatics. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum muaj kev tswj hwm nruj ntawm halogen ntau npaum li cas thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob dhau - hloov pauv thiab tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, thiab yuav tsum muaj cov chaw txhawb nqa rau tus Tsov tus tw gas nqus thiab kho cov kua dej pov tseg.
Amide-raws li cov kuab tshuaj muaj zog heev, xws li N, N-dimethylformamide, feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm carbonylation ntawm dimethylamine thiab carbon monoxide nyob rau hauv siab, ua raws li kev ua kom huv si kom tshem tawm cov seem amines thiab hlau ions. Lawv cov synthesis suav nrog siab - cov cuab yeej siv siab thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion, yuav tsum muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem siab.
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, lub tswv yim ntawm ntsuab synthesis tau tsav kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kuab tshuaj npaj rau cov khoom siv txuas ntxiv dua tshiab thiab cov txheej txheem kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg - zog-. Esterification thiab transesterification ntawm cov roj zaub los yog fatty acids tuaj yeem ua rau bio-raws li cov kuab tshuaj ester; fermentation thiab enzyme catalysis thev naus laus zis kuj tseem siv los tsim cov khoom zoo ib puag ncig xws li qis-carbon alcohols lossis ethyl lactate. Tsis tas li ntawd, daim ntawv thov kev sib cais ntawm daim nyias nyias, molecular sieve adsorption, thiab nruam ntws reactors tau txhim kho cov kev xaiv thiab kev siv peev txheej ntawm cov txheej txheem synthesis.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, cov txheej txheem kev sib xyaw hnyav suav nrog kev sib cais hydrocarbon thiab hloov pauv, catalytic synthesis ntawm cawv, ketones, thiab esters, halogenation thiab functionalization ntawm amides, thiab kev tshawb nrhiav tshiab ntawm txoj kev txuas ntxiv mus. Kev tshawb fawb xaiv thiab optimizing synthesis txoj kev raws li cov qauv kev cai thiab daim ntawv thov scenarios ntawm cov kuab tshuaj sib txawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb lav rau kev ua tiav kev ua tau zoo, tsis tshua muaj nqi thiab sustainable kev loj hlob.