Cov kuab tshuaj yog ib qho nruab nrab uas tuaj yeem yaj cov khoom, kua, los yog gaseous solutes los ua homogeneous dispersion system. Nws ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam xws li chemistry, tshuaj, ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Txawm hais tias tsis yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv feem ntau cov khoom tiav, nws cov khoom thiab kev xaiv feem ntau txiav txim siab kev ua haujlwm zoo, cov khoom lag luam zoo, thiab cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb, yog li suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb "tsis pom qhov nruab nrab" hauv cov txheej txheem tshuaj thiab kev lag luam.
Los ntawm kev pom tshuaj, cov kuab tshuaj tuaj yeem faib dav rau hauv cov polar thiab nonpolar pawg raws li polarity. Polar solvents, xws li dej, cawv, thiab amides, tuaj yeem yaj cov ionic compounds thiab polar molecules, thiab feem ntau yog siv los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau kev tshem tawm, ntxuav, thiab cov tshuaj hydrophilic. Nonpolar lossis tsis muaj zog polar solvents, xws li alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, thiab halogenated hydrocarbons, yog tsim rau dissolving roj, resins, thiab hydrophobic organic tebchaw, thiab yog dav siv nyob rau hauv polymer ua thiab organic synthesis. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li kev pub dawb proton thiab kev lees paub, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov kuab tshuaj protic thiab cov kuab tshuaj aprotic. Cov qub tuaj yeem muab hydrogen bonding, thaum tom kawg tsis txhob cuam tshuam hauv lub hauv paus muaj zog lossis muaj zog nucleophilic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Hauv tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov kuab tshuaj tsis yog tsuas yog ua raws li cov neeg nqa khoom thauj loj tab sis kuj tseem koom nrog hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mechanism. Qee cov kuab tshuaj tuaj yeem ua raws li cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog lossis cov hauv paus los kho cov pH ntawm lub cev, lossis hloov lub zog ua kom muaj zog los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj reactants thiab hloov pauv, yog li cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kev xaiv. Piv txwv li, hauv kev hloov pauv nucleophilic, cov kuab tshuaj polar aprotic tuaj yeem txo cov kev daws teeb meem anion thiab txhim kho reactivity; Thaum nyob rau hauv qee lub tshuab catalytic, qhov dielectric tas li thiab kev sib koom tes muaj peev xwm ntawm cov kuab tshuaj cuam tshuam rau kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov catalyst.
Kev tsim khoom lag luam muab qhov tseem ceeb dua rau cov ntsuas ntsuas thaum xaiv cov kuab tshuaj, suav nrog solubility, boiling point, volatility, toxicity, flammability, thiab ib puag ncig. High-boiling- cov ntsiab lus cov kuab tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau siab - qhov kub thiab txias kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua, thaum tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab rov ua dua tau yooj yim ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev tsim ntsuab. Cov txheej txheem niaj hnub no zoo li siv cov kuab tshuaj rov ua dua tshiab thiab cov tshuab aqueous los txo cov organic hnyav emissions thiab ua kom rov ua dua tshiab los ntawm cov thev naus laus zis xws li kev sib cais membrane, distillation, thiab adsorption, ntsuas kev lag luam thiab lub luag haujlwm ecological.
Hauv cov teb tshiab, cov kuab tshuaj tshwj xeeb xws li cov kua ionic thiab cov kua dej supercritical tau maj mam nthuav dav lawv daim ntawv thov ciam teb vim lawv qhov zoo xws li kev sib tw siab thiab kev phooj ywg ib puag ncig. Lawv tuaj yeem ua tiav kev sib cais thiab catalysis zoo nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej me me, muab cov kev muaj peev xwm tshiab rau ntsuab chemistry thiab siab -kev sib xyaw ua ke.
Nyob rau hauv luv luv, txawm hais tias cov kuab tshuaj feem ntau tshwm sim raws li "tom qab", lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev tsim khoom lag luam. Kev nkag siab txog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev xaiv muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kuab tshuaj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev ua tau zoo, ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb, thiab txhawb kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov.